AD: Tell us about your background:
IAM: I am a professor of Ecclesiastical History and Chair of the Department of Catholic Studies, Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies at Seton Hall University in New Jersey. My research focuses on Ecclesiastical History, and particular, Byzantine and Catholic Church History. I have been awarded several grants for my work, including the Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship for Experienced Researchers - Germany, the Dumbarton Oaks Research Grant – Harvard University, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Grant (SSHRC) - Canada, and have been awarded three times Fulbright Research Scholar Grants.
My other publications include Returning to Rome: The Basilian Monks of Grottaferrata in Albania, Quo Vadis Eastern Europe? Religion, State and Society after Communism (2009), and Catholicism, Culture and Conversion: The History of the Jesuits in Albania (1841-1946), published by Orientalia Christiana Analecta Series (2006). Currently, I am co-authoring a translation and critical edition of the Life of St. Neilos of Rossano (1004) for Dumbarton Oaks, Harvard University (2014). Also, I am working on two projects: Monasticism in Eastern Europe, Russia and the Former Soviet Republics for Routledge (2015) and Italo-Greek Monasticism, from St. Neilos to Bessarion for Ashgate (2015). I was the vice-president of the Association for the Study of Nationalities (ASN) (2007-2013) and a United Nations (NGO) Christians Associated for Relationships with Eastern Europe accredited representative.
AD: What led to putting this
collection together?
Fascination with and love of
monasticism Eastern and Western; the history of monasticism; exchanges and
interactions between Eastern and Western monks their dialogue and ecumenism. I
am most interested in Italo-Greek or Italiot monasticism, which is probably the
least known form of monasticism, a monasticism with which I am very well
acquainted. Southern Italy/Magna Graecia of the Occident is a real treasure in
providing a home and “accommodations” to Italo-Greek hermits, the cenobites,
those living in-between the cenobitic and hermetic.
AD: Give us a sense of the significance of Grottaferrata in both monastic and ecumenical terms.
AD: Give us a sense of the significance of Grottaferrata in both monastic and ecumenical terms.
Grottaferrata is a “survivor” (p.
118); as my colleague, Enrico Morini pointed out in his contribution, Italy had
a tremendous number of Italo-Greek monasteries and Italo-Greek saints whose
lives have come down to us through the ages.
Grottaferrata is one of the last of these monasteries, and has such a
distinctive relationship with the papacy in Rome and has borne witness to these
Western Christians of the importance and vibrancy of the Eastern Monastic
life. Much of this tradition has been
lost over the centuries in the rest of Italy, or at least severely diminished,
but at Grottaferrata, there is both the old tradition of Italo-Greek practice
and the new tradition of being on the forefront of ecumenical and
inter-religious dialogue.
One particularly important
element that is distinctive to Grottaferrata, which I tried to give a sense of
in my chapter, is its willingness to help both the Italo-Greek monks and the
Western monks feel comfortable at the monastery, feel a sense of belonging and
Grottaferrata’s incredible hospitality, a kind of hospitability that only monks
can provide. From the time of its
founder, Neilos of Rossano from Calabria, until the present day there has been
a comfort with communicating with both traditions, particularly in using
rituals that incorporate Greek, Latin, Italian and on special occasions Arbëresh
– the language and ritual of the Italo-Greeks or Italo-Albanians who since the
fifteenth century have been living in Southern Italy: Calabria and Sicily. A
good number of the monks of Grottaferrata have come from these Byzantine
communities.
AD: Your introduction mentions Hubert van Zeller’s idea that both the monk and the man in the world are on the
same path, seeking grace and a rule of life. This strikes me as similar to Paul
Evdokimov’s idea of “interiorized
monasticism.” What can those living “in the world” learn today from some of the
monastic communities surveyed in the book?
Here, I think that Gregory
Glazov’s very personal and intimate account is really helpful. His family, living in such close proximity
with the monks and sharing in their communal life, is an example of Evdkimov’s
interiorized monasticism. Here is a family that is really living with monks and
whose family life is a kind of monasticism — which seems to be what Evdokimov
is advocating in Struggling With God.
AD: Your introduction
mentions the importance of hospitality in monastic life. Tell us more about
that.
In terms of how the monks themselves
understand hospitality and generosity, it is nothing less than a Biblical
virtue that figures prominently throughout Scripture — in the story of Lot and
the angels that became central to the famous Holy Trinity Icon by Andrei
Rublev, Christ first appearing as a stranger who dined with the apostles at
Emmaus, and in many other important moments in Acts, Genesis, and elsewhere.
That is why it figures so heavily in the monastic rules — both East and
West. In terms of historical practice,
hospitality functioned as a way of maintaining strong networks among monastic
communities and cultivating bonds with the broader society. It also functioned
as a major way of doing outreach and charity — something which we see
today. All of these characteristics of
monastic hospitality have continued to the present day, though now the
community is much broader and more global, and the communities face many new
challenges.
Presently, monastic hospitality
— particularly at Grottaferrata, but also in other monastic communities I have
visited — is functioning in a missionary and ecumenical way. It is still a way
of building networks and forging relationships, but it is also an invitation to
gather together and share; this invitation goes out to other Catholics from the
Western rite, Protestants, and especially the Greek-Orthodox, with whom
Grottaferrata has an inherent connection.
As you can see in John Radano’s contribution to this volume, monastic
communities have done tremendous work in terms of opening up dialogue with
other Christian groups. The publications
that they have put out, like Irenikon and Eastern
Churches Quarterly, are the fruits of monastic hospitality — the monks, freely
and hospitably giving their time and sponsorship to these publications, are in
a sense inviting their readership communities into their monastic life and
sharing their patrimony with them. It is
even more explicit in the case of liturgical movements like the Taize communities
in the Western Christian tradition.
At Grottaferrata in particular,
hospitality also takes on a more directly educational function; when I have
taken my Seton Hall students there, they have not only had the opportunity to
experience the historical practice of Eastern monasticism, but they also have
come to meet the Abbot Emiliano Fabbricatore and monks-members of the community
and see them as people whose lives and concerns are not that different from
their own, even though they had a different vocation. My students had the
opportunity to sense the warmth of monastic practice and the monastic
lifestyle, even if they did not always understand everything that was going on!
The service was in Italiote-Greek!!!
AD: You note (p.11) that a “monastic
community is an eschatological community.” What do you mean by that, and what
is the significance of its eschatological focus?
Frequently, the monks saw their
lifestyle as the fulfillment of Matthew 19’s commandments to give up all that
they had in order to fulfill Christ’s will, and as a foretaste of what Christ
told his followers in Mathew 22:30 about the way that they will live in heaven
at the end of time — as people who neither marry nor are given in
marriage. We are also told that in the
life of Christ — that is to say the resurrected life — the things that divide
us, the barriers and walls, like nationality, language, and even confessional
differences, cease to exist.
More theologically, Eastern
monastics saw their practice as part of how they became people who could
participate in theosis. As
Athanasius of Alexandria explained the Incarnation, “God was Incarnate so that
we might be made god.” That process, theosis or
divinization, required that the monks become as Christlike as possible in order
to participate in this understanding of the bodily resurrection. Monasticism
for these Eastern monks emphasizes this paradigm of becoming like Christ and
also welcoming Christ in the form of the visitor, the outsider, and the
stranger. The practice also emphasizes
being like Christ in perfection and representing with fidelity the doctrine
that they have received, and communicating that doctrine to others.
When Evdokimov was writing
his essay "Eschatology: On Death, the Afterlife, and the Kingdom: 'The
Last Things'” (found in the collection Michael Plekon edited, In the World, of the Church: A Paul Evdokimov Reader) one of the themes that he addresses is the idea of healing as
salvation— not as a bodily healing or a full restoration, but rather as a
deliverance from disturbance into a feeling of ease or peace. The monks embody this in some important ways:
the rules laid out in the Typikon of the monastery reduce
strife and conflict, the management of a wise elder or abbot helps individual
monks to deal with temptations and support the group to adjust to new
situations, and the prayer practices foster metanoia or
repentance which helps heal the wounds from sin. Essentially, the monks are working to put
themselves into a state of equilibrium, like Evdokimov describes, so that they
can provide an example of that equilibrium to the world. Are these communities perfect? Of course not.
But they are doing their best to serve as an example of what the afterlife is
going to look like, or as my good friend and colleague Dr. James McGlone would
say, “a little piece of heaven on earth.”
AD: Your chapter as well as
a couple others focus on “holy silence” and its importance in monastic life.
But arguably silence is important for everyone, yes? It seems to me a
particularly acute struggle today for many of us, tethered as we are to devices
(phones, tablets, etc.) that never leave us alone, never give us opportunities
for silence. Why does the monastic tradition so emphasize the importance of
silence, and what can we learn from that today?
For monks, silence was about apathy, being
without passions that could distract you from God. It was a state of prayer and a state of
perfect practice. It also was hard to
achieve, which is why there was so much literature. However, it is important to note that there
were two kinds of silence that fell under the title of hesychia
— the first was the freedom to be able to withdraw from
worldly affairs for reflection and the second was the state of reaching
passionlessness through prayer and reflection (which is what we conventionally
associate with the word). Not all of us
can withdraw to the extent that a monk can — as laypersons we are often called
to have jobs in the secular realm and to raise families, but all of us can find
ways of withdrawing from technology at certain points during our day and using
that withdrawal as a time to be in relation with God and each other and as a
time to reflect. One thing that we can
learn from the lives of the saints is that you do not wait to be given an
opportunity to withdraw from the world — you create that opportunity, or
better, seize that opportunity. This peaceful space can be created.
AD: Many of the chapters in
the book focus on the role of monastic communities as places of encounter and
dialogue—between Eastern and Western Christians, and between Christians and
monks. Is Grottaferrata still playing that role today? What other communities
do you see as especially adept at such dialogue?
Yes, I think so. Grottaferrata and its monks are at the vanguard
of dialogue. The newly appointed Abbot Michel van Parys is a scholar and man of
prayer and dialogue. Besides Grottaferrata is the Monastère de Chevetogne,
Niederaltaich Benedictine Abbey, Abbey of Gethsemani in the USA and several others.
AD: Sum up your hopes for
this book and who should read it.
This book is part of a much
broader project, which is to make Eastern monasticism a much bigger part of our
scholarly conversation in the West — where it is often overlooked. For instance, the book I am currently editing
and contributing to addresses the history of Eastern monasticism in Eastern
bloc countries and the former Soviet Union. The suppression of religion in
these countries has created a gap in scholarship, and all of these countries
had a rich history and very much to offer in monastic practice before the state
shut down religious institutions and ended religious practice. It is my hope
that this particular book inspires students, fellow researchers, and interested
laypersons and clergy members to explore a heritage that has been highly
influential in our civilization, or better, has laid the foundations of our
civilization. These articles are great
starting points for further investigations, in addition to being unique
contributions to this broader conversation.
AD: Having finished this collection, what
projects are you at work on now?
Currently, I am working on a translation and critical edition
of the Life of St. Neilos, and I will be pursuing another
contract for a translation of the Life of St. Elias the Younger otherwise
known as St. Elias of Enna. These two Italo-Greek saints’ lives are
interesting because they describe real people and important historical
situations at a time when Sicily and Calabria were being transformed by their
interactions with the Arabs, the Byzantines, and the West. By putting these important primary sources
into English and into the hands of new scholars who have been impeded by a lack
of English-language resources, I am hoping to inspire future generations of
scholars in the field. There is also the
collection I mentioned earlier, Monasticism in Eastern Europe
and the Former Soviet Republics, which will be published by
Routledge in 2015. Additionally, I am working on an edited volume entitled
Italo-Greek Monasticism, from St. Neilos to Bessarion for Ashgate which is
scheduled to appear in December 2015. My projects on Italo-Greek monasticism
are long overdue projects and will do much justice to a forgotten page of
Byzantine history: Suum Cuique Tribuere, Ea Demum Summa Justitia Est.
